Rolling resistance explained: what it is and what affects it

Rolling resistance is the energy a tire loses simply from rolling — mainly from the tire material continuously deforming as it flexes through its contact patch with every rotation. Every bit of that lost energy is power you have to pedal to replace.

What affects rolling resistance specifically:

• Pressure, on pavement: higher pressure = less tire deformation = lower rolling resistance
• Pressure, off-road: the opposite — lower pressure actually reduces rolling resistance on gravel or dirt, because a softer tire conforms to bumps rather than being held back by them (this holds on hardpack gravel and soft forest trails alike)
• Tire diameter: smaller-diameter tires have more rolling resistance at the same pressure, because they deform proportionally more along the direction of motion (this is one reason why larger diameter wheels are popular in racing).
• Tire width: wider tires roll better than narrower ones at the same pressure — see our dedicated article on why wide tires roll faster for the full explanation
• Construction and materials: less material to deform, and more flexible material (a softer rubber compound, for instance), both reduce energy loss. Consult our article on tire constructions for more information on this topic.
• Tread: smoother treads roll better than coarse ones; tall lugs and wide gaps between them tend to hurt rolling resistance but can be necessary for grip.

If you only remember one thing: on smooth terrain, run higher pressure for speed; off-road, don't be afraid to run lower pressure than you'd might expect.

Rolling resistance is just one part of the equation:
The Air resistance (3) rises in a squared ratio with increased speed. At a speed of approx. 20 km/h (12 mph) on level ground, air resistance has already become the main resistance force.
When riding uphill, the main resistance force to be overcome is the Gradient resistance (2). A common grade cyclists encounter that is picture below is 5%.
When air and gradient resistance are accounted for along with Rolling resistance (1), the Total resistance (4) can grow quickly with speed.

Acceleration energy is also expended. For instance, the weight of the wheels is of great importance when this mass has to be brought up to rotation.
In addition to these, there are other friction resistances in the chain and in other rotating parts. Yet in a well-serviced bicycle, these represent a very minor part of the total resistance.

Updated on: 08/13/2026